Tissues, Lab 4 Roots

83 flashcards

Why should only lens paper be used to clean microscope lenses?: The lens is relatively soft and scratches easily
What is the function of the condenser?: adjust concentration of light allowed through.
What is resolution?: The capacity of the microscope to separate tiny, closely adjacent objects.
Where should an adjustable condenser be set for maximum resolution?: The condenser should be within millimeters of the closest position to the stage.
What is the function of the iris diaphragm?: It regulates the amount of light passing through.
What happens to the light intensity as the magnification is increased?: There is less light as the magnification increases.
What happens to the amount of field visible when magnification is increased?: The field of vision decreases as the magnification increases.
The greater the magnification, the __________ the depth of field.: lesser
What is the function of the interpupillary adjustment on the dissecting microscope?: These lenses can be manipulated slightly to account for the varying distances between the eyes of individuals.
How many layers of cells are there in an Elodea leaf?: 1-2 cells, depending on the location.
How should a coverslip be applied to a drop of liquid on a microscope slide?: Dip one edge in water and lower all the way down.
When chloroplasts appear to be moving within a living cell, what is the cause of their movement called?: Cyclosis or cytoplasmic streaming
In most living cells, where is the cytoplasm located?: Cytoplasm is contained within the cell's plasma membrane.
How extensive are plant cell vacuoles?: Plant cell vacuoles can take up to 90%+ of the cell.
What are cytoplasmic bridges?: Thin strands of cytoplasm that may extend across the central vacuole.
What parts of cells are normally visible with the aid of a compound light microscope?: Cell walls, chloroplasts, central vacuole, nucleus, occasionally nucleolus, and plastids.
If present in a cell, where are anthocyanin pigments located?: Anthocyanin pigments are located in the central vacuole, giving the entire cell the appearance of color.
How are amyloplasts distinguished from parenchyma cells in a potato?: Amyloplasts are clam-shaped and contain starch.
What are striae, and where are they located in a spiderwort stamen hair cell? Botany - Lab Practical 1; Lab 1 Microscope, Lab 2 Cells, Lab 3 Mitosis, Plan: Striae are thin parallel lines located on the surface of the cell.
How does a chromoplast differ from a chloroplast?: Chromoplasts reflect red, orange, and yellow; chloroplasts reflect green light.
In what part of the cell are chloroplast located?: Chloroplasts are located in the cytoplasm of plant cells.
What is cyclosis?: The movement of organelles within the cytoplasm.
What is a vacuole?: A large, flexible pouch filled with watery fluid.
What is the thin boundary of the vacuole called?: Vacuolar membrane (similar to the plasma membrane)
Is the vacuolar membrane usually visible with a compound light microscope?: No, it is not.
Where would you look for the nucleus in an Elodea cell?: The nucleus is usually hidden within groups of chloroplasts along the interior of the cell wall.
How can you distinguish anthocyanin pigments and chromoplasts, as they can both be red in color?: Anthocyanin pigments are located within the central vacuole, giving the entire interior of the cell the appearance of color.
How can you tell a potato amyloplast from a cell?: After applying a stain, such as iodine, the amyloplasts will appear purple in color because of the starch found within the plastid.
How would you distinguish an amyloplast from a chloroplast? Botany - Lab Practical 1; Lab 1 Microscope, Lab 2 Cells, Lab 3 Mitosis, Plan: Amyloplasts are typically colorless, while chloroplasts are green in color.
What is a cytoplasmic bridge?: Thins strands of cytoplasm.
Where do starch grains develop in a cell?: Inside of the amyloplasts.
Where would you expect to find a nucleolus?: Inside of the nucleus.
What changes in a cell''s cytoplasm and nucleus take place during interphase?: Duplication of genetic material (can be distinguished by distinct nuclei)
In which region of a root tip does mitosis occur?: above the root cap, called the apicalmeristem
What is a spindle?: Develops into spindle fibers, separates sister chromatids into chromosomes.
What are the main events of metaphase?: Centromeres line up in the middle of the cell, development of spindle fibers extends between two poles.
In which phase of mitosis do chromosomes first become distinguishable from one another?: Anaphase
What happens to chromosomes during anaphase?: separation of sister chromatids, 2 strands of the chromosome separates at centromere ot opposite poles.
Of what substance is a middle lamella composed?: Pectin
What becomes of the cell plate at the conclusion of mitosis? Botany - Lab Practical 1; Lab 1 Microscope, Lab 2 Cells, Lab 3 Mitosis, Plan: Grows outward and unites with plasma membrane, cellulose is deposited and a new cell wall is formed.
Which plant is used for study of mitosis in this exercise?: Onions
When do single-stranded chromosomes become two-stranded?: during interphase
In which specific regions of a plant does mitosis commonly take place?: Meristematic tissues; particularly the apical meristem, vascular cambium, and cork cambium.
In which phase of mitosis do nucleoli disappear?: during prophase
In which phase of mitosis do nucleoli reappear?: during telophase
What takes place in metaphase?: Chromosomes align in center plate of the cell and the spindle formation is complete.
Which of the following is visible in at least one stage of mitosis: poles, equator, spindle?: spindle
What occurs in anaphase?: Centromeres separate and daughter chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends.
From what does a new cell wall develop? Botany - Lab Practical 1; Lab 1 Microscope, Lab 2 Cells, Lab 3 Mitosis, Plan: Cellulose deposited along the middle of a dividing cell.
Which organelle produces the materials for a new middle lamella?: golgi complex, pectin is added to cell membrane
What is the function of a centromere?: holds the daughter chromatids together
What is a tissue?: Two or more cells that work together to perform a function.
Botany - Lab Practical 1; Lab 1 Microscope, Lab 2 Cells, Lab 3 Mitosis, Plan Describe the shape of the epidermal cells and the guard cells.: Epidermal cells - irregular and often puzzle-shaped Guard cells - bean-shaped
How does the interior of the guard cells differ from that of the surrounding epidermal cells?: Guard cells contain chloroplasts; other epidermal cells are transparent.
Epidermal cells protect against what?: Water loss, insect damage, drowning, UV light
What is the function of guard cells?: Manufacture food and open and close the stoma of the stomata.
Why is he lower epidermis of the Zebrina plant a complex tissue?: It is composed of more than one type of cell.
What is the function of the periderm?: Support - it replaces the epidermis; gas exchange
Collenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues both have a similar main function, which is what?: Stuctural support
What is the function of paranchyma tissue?: Storage of food and raw materials
Describe the general shape of a single sclereid.: Varies from circular to rectangular with a lumen and pit canals.
What is the function of the sclereids found in the fruit?: Support where it was needed
With which specific region of roots is this exercise concerned?: Region of maturation
In which tissues do the epidermis originate?: Epidermis
In which tissues do lateral roots originate?: Pericycle
What evidence of the food-storage function of cortex is present in buttercup roots?: Starch - Amyloplasts
Which tissue surrounds and borders the stele of a dicot root?: Endodermis
Which tissues comprise the stele? Botany - Lab Practical 1; Lab 1 Microscope, Lab 2 Cells, Lab 3 Mitosis, Plan: Vascular chamber; Primary Phloem and Xylem; Pith
What is the function of the vascular cambirum?: Produces the secondary phloem and xylem.
What term is used to describe the bands of fatty substances that are found on the inner surface of endodermal cell walls?: Fatty substances: Suberin; Bands: Casparian Strips
Is a pith present in all roots?: No
In which roots is a pith present?: Monocots
At lateral roots develop inside a primary root, through which tissues must they grow to reach the surface?: Through the endodermis, cortex, and epidermis.
From which tissue do lateral roots arise?: Pericycle
Between which tissues in the vascular cambium located: Between the primary xylem and primary phloem.
Which tissue of stems is not present in dicot roots?: Pith
In which tissues are root hairs to be found?: Epidermis
Which tissue is immediately adjacent to the endodermis on the side toward the center?: Pericycle
In which region of the root does differentiation of the cells into various cell types take place? Botany - Lab Practical 1; Lab 1 Microscope, Lab 2 Cells, Lab 3 Mitosis, Plan: Region of Maturation
What is present in cells of the cortex that gives evidence of its function as a food-storage tissue?: Starch - Amyloplasts
Of what fatty substance are Casparian strips composed?: Suberin
What tissue produces cells that add to the girth (diameter) of the root?: Secondary Tissues
What water-conducting tissue is present in the center of a dicot root?: Primary Xylem