Gen Bio Exam 1

330 flashcards

________ is the science of identifying, naming, and classifying organisms.: taxonomy
What are the levels of classification in the Tree of Life, from broad to specific?: Domain ’ Kingdom ’ Phylum ’ Class ’ Order ’ Family ’ Genus ’ Species
What is the broadest level of classification listed in the Tree of Life?: Domain
What level comes after Domain?: Kingdom
What level comes after Kingdom?: Phylum
What level comes after Phylum?: Class
What level comes after Class?: Order
What level comes after Order?: Family
What level comes after Family?: Genus
What is the most specific level listed in the Tree of Life?: Species
All life fits into ______ domains.: 3
What are the 3 domains?: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Bacteria are small, unicellular, and ________.: prokaryotic
Archaea are small, unicellular, and ________.: prokaryotic
Where do Archaea live?: extreme environments
Eukarya have ______ cells, cells have ____, and are ______.: eukaryotic; nuclei; complex
________ are organisms that live in extreme habitats.: extremophiles
Archaea often live in places that:: 1) oxygen is lacked 2) hot 3) salty 4) acidic
Archaea are essential in ______ ______.: geochemical cycles
________ form one phylum of bacteria, and their metabolic pathways & habitats are diverse.: proteobacteria
________ form another phylum of bacteria.: cyanobacteria
What were cyanobacteria the first to release as a by-product of photosynthesis?: oxygen gas
Bacteria and Archaea are ________ cells.: Prokaryotic
Bacteria and Archaea have _______ _____ ________?: membrane-bound organelles
Bacteria and Archaea have no ___________.: nucleus
Bacteria and Archaea are ________.: small (1-10 μm)
What type of chromosome do Bacteria and Archaea have?: circular chromosome
Bacteria and Archaea are predominantly ________.: unicellular
Some Bacteria and Archaea can fix ________.: Nitrogen
Some Bacteria use ________ in photosynthesis.: chlorophyll
Bacteria cannot generate ________.: methane
Bacteria have a ________ membrane.: fatty
The Bacterial cell wall is composed of ________.: peptidoglycan
T/F? Archaea use chlorophyll.: False
Some Archaea generate ________.: methane
Archaea have a ________ membrane.: nonfatty
Biology is the study of ______ _______.: living organisms
The Archaeal cell wall is composed of things other than ________.: peptidoglycan
Organisms are placed in each kingdom based upon what 3 things?: 1) type of cell (Prokaryote or Eukaryote) 2) level of organization (Unicellular or Multicellular) 3) type of nutrition
What is the first factor used to place organisms into kingdoms?: type of cell (Prokaryote or Eukaryote)
What is the second factor used to place organisms into kingdoms?: level of organization (Unicellular or Multicellular)
What is the third factor used to place organisms into kingdoms?: type of nutrition
How many kingdoms are there?: 5-6
What are the 5-6 kingdoms?: 1) Monera 2) Protista 3) Fungi 4) Plantae 5) Animalia
Monera includes ______ and ______.: 1) Archaebacteria 2) Eubacteria
What is one characteristic used in the classification of organisms?: Anatomy
What is an example of using anatomy to classify organisms?: beak length/shape
________ is a characteristic used in the classification of organisms of how living things inherit their traits from their parents.: Genetics
What question can be asked when using genetics to classify organisms?: are genes similar?
__________ is a characteristic used in the classification of organisms of how a living thing acts or reacts in response to its internal thoughts or external surroundings.: Behaviour
What are examples of behaviour used in classification?: nocturnal/diurnal or migratory habits
A species is a ______ of ______.: group; organisms
A species are ________ __________.: similarly constructed
Organisms in the same species are capable of ________.: interbreeding
When an organism in the same species interbreeds, it produces ___________ off-spring.: VIABLE
What is considered the lowest and most specific level of classification?: Species
Who is the Father of Taxonomy?: Carolus Linnaeus
Carolus Linnaeus created the ______ ______.: Binomial System
The name of each organism in the Binomial System is composed of ______ names.: 2
What are the 2 names in the Binomial System?: • Genus • Specific Epithet
The first name in the Binomial System is the ________.: Genus
The second name in the Binomial System is the ______ ______.: Specific Epithet
No two species have the same ________ (binomial) name.: scientific
Genus = ________.: homo
Specific Epithet = ________.: Sapiens
Scientific Name = ________.: Homo sapiens
A genus represents groups of ________.: species
A genus is a group of species that share the most recent _______ _______.: ancestral relationships
A Common Ancestor is an ancestral line that has produced at least two ______ of ______.: lines; descent
The 1st step of the Scientific Method is ________.: Observation
The 2nd step of the Scientific Method is ________, where input from sources is used to form a testable statement.: Hypothesis
The 3rd step of the Scientific Method is ______ ______, where the hypothesis is tested by experiment or further observations.: Experiment Observations
The 4th step of the Scientific Method is ________, where results are analyzed to either support or reject the hypothesis.: Conclusion
Biotic means _______.: living
The 5th step of the Scientific Method is ______ ______, which is formed if supported by many experiments.: Scientific Theory
If a conclusion rejects a hypothesis, you must start back at the ______ ______.: hypothesis step
Hypothesis is defined as statements made about the ________ of the experiment before the experiment has begun.: conclusion
The 1st requirement of a hypothesis is Basis, meaning it is formed using ______ ____ and ______.: • past observations • research
The 2nd requirement of a hypothesis is Format, meaning it is written strictly as an ______..., ______... statement.: • If... • Then...
The 3rd requirement of a hypothesis is Relation, meaning it shows a clear ________ relationship.: cause-and-effect
The 4th requirement of a hypothesis is Testing, meaning it must be ______ ______.: completely measureable
An example of a hypothesis is:: If I leave my house, then the dog will sleep at least 4 hours when I am gone.
When measuring & validating hypotheses, Measurement should include a ______ ______ to track effectiveness.: specific parameter
When measuring & validating hypotheses, Comparison should include a ________ to compare against the test group.: baseline
When measuring & validating hypotheses, Scale means making sure to specify how much ________ is expected.: change
An ________ hypothesis is still important and okay.: incorrect
Independent Variable is defined as the factor directly ________ by the researcher.: manipulated
________ Variable is the component of the experiment being tested.: Experimental
Dependent Variable is the result or change that occurs due to the ______ ______.: experimental variable
An experiment can have ______ ____ ______ dependent variable.: more than one
Standardized variables are factors that can affect an experiment and ______ ____ ______.: must be controlled
Standardized variables are also known as ______ ______.: control variables
All experiments have ________ standardized variables.: multiple
If standardized variables are disregarded, the results of an experiment can be rendered as ________.: faulty
Control groups are the ________ group that experiences all experimental steps except the variable being tested.: comparison
Control groups are also referred to as the ______ ______.: negative control
NOT ALL experiments have a ______ ______.: positive control
Experimental group is the group that ________ experience the variable being tested.: does
Survey is a test without a ______ ______ group, making it an untrue experiment.: negative control
On a graph, the X-axis represents the ______ ______.: experimental variable
On a graph, the y-axis represents the ______ ______.: dependent variable
Bar graphs are used for ______ ______.: mean values
Line graphs are used for ______ ______, usually over time.: continual observations
A disease causing organism is called a ________.: pathogen
ALL bacteria are ________.: prokaryotic
Bacteria are _________ organisms.: single-celled
Bacteria undergo ________ reproduction.: asexual
NOT ALL bacteria are ________.: harmful
Viruses are ________ particles.: non-living
Viruses cannot reproduce without a ________.: host
Abiotic means _______.: non-living
Viruses are not made of ________.: cells
Viruses have no ______ ______ system.: energy metabolism
Viruses mutate and replicate ________.: quickly
Antibodies are proteins in your body that fight ______ ______.: foreign invaders
Antigen is defined as ______ ______.: foreign substances
Immunity is the ability of the body to ______ ______.: defend itself
Active immunity develops ________ antigen infection.: after
Passive immunity is short-lived immunity gained by receiving ______ ______.: prepared antibodies
Where are antibodies made?: produced in the body
Where are antibiotics made?: produced in lab
How long do antibodies last?: long time
How long do antibiotics last?: short time
What kind of organisms do antibodies affect?: antigen
What kind of organisms do antibiotics affect?: bacteria
How specific are antibodies?: super specific
How specific are antibiotics?: not super specific
Antibiotics are made from natural (usually a ________) and synthetic sources.: fungus
Antibiotics only kill ________.: bacteria
Antibiotics are developed to kill all bacteria of a ______ ______.: certain type
Antibiotic resistance is the ability for bacteria to ________ the harmful effect of the antibiotic.: overcome
The 1st rule of Cell Theory is: ALL life is made up of ________.: cells
The 2nd rule of Cell Theory is: All Chemical Reactions take place at the ______ ______.: cellular level
The 3rd rule of Cell Theory is: Cells come from _____-________ cell.: pre-existing
In order of size of living things from small to larger, the sequence is: amino acids’ ______ ______.: viruses, human egg, human ’ most bacteria ’ ________ ’ ant ’
ALL organisms can get infected with ________.: viruses
Prokaryotic cells have ________ membrane-bound organelles or nucleus.: NO
Eukaryotic cells ________ membrane-bound organelles and nucleus.: has
Prokaryotic cells are ________ in size.: small
Eukaryotic cells are ________ in size.: Large
An example of a Prokaryotic cell is ________.: bacteria
Examples of Eukaryotic cells include ______ and ______.: • Protozoans • Animals
The three Domains listed are Bacteria, ________, and Eukarya.: Archaea
The four Kingdoms listed are Protista, ______, Animal, and ______.: • Plant • Fungi
Prokaryotes include ___ + _____.: • bacteria • archaea
___________ includes common bacteria + cyanobacteria.: Bacteria
Archaea include bacteria found in ____ _________.: harsh environments
Living things must have all ______ characteristics.: 5
Prokaryotes are found in __ basic shapes.: 3
What are the 3 basic shapes of prokaryotes?: • Rod • Spherical • Spiral
The rod basic shape of prokaryotes is known as _________.: Bacillus
The Spherical basic shape of prokaryotes is known as _________.: Coccus
The Spiral basic shape of prokaryotes is known as _________.: Spirillum
Cyanobacteria is also known as ____ & ___.: blue & green algae
There are __ habitats in water ecosystems that organisms live in.: 4
What are the 4 habitats in water ecosystems that organisms live in?: • surface • open-water • bottom • littoral
Healthy means a balance between ______ and __________.: producer and consumer
Producers are ________.: photosynthetic
Producers include + __.: • microscopic organisms • plants
Microscopic organisms and plants as producers are vital for a _______ ________.: healthy ecosystem
A dense overgrowth of producer organisms indicates __.: highly enriched water
Spirogyra equals ____ ____, which is more plant-like.: green algae, plant-like
Volvox equals _____ _______, which is more plant-like.: green algae, plant-like
Euglena equals ______ ________.: photosynthetic protists
Diatoms equal _____ _______, which is more plant-like.: photosynthetic protists
Consumers are ________ _____.: heterotrophic organisms
Consumers rely on the presence of ___________.: producers
Consumers come in many _____ + _____.: • shapes • sizes
Smaller consumers provide food for their __.: larger counter parts
Paramecium feed on __.: smaller pond organisms
Paramecium provide food for ___________.: small crustacean animals
Amoeba is __________.: unicellular
Amoeba performs __________.: phagocytosis
Amoeba extends ____________ and changes shape.: plasma membrane
Rotifers are found in _________.: open-water
Rotifers rapidly beat _______ for locomotion.: cillia
Rotifers feed on ______.: algae
In Anthropods, anthro means _________.: joint
In Anthropods, pods means _______.: appendage
Copepods are _______.: microscopic
Copepods feed on __________.: photosynthetic phytoplankton
Copepods are also known as__________.: plankton from spongebob
Ostrocod has a __________ shell.: bi-valve
Ostrocod has sensitive hairs for ___________.: heightened sense of touch
What is characteristic #1 of living things?: Are Organized
Ostrocod is ___________.: bioluminescent
Daphnia (Water Flea) has a large _______.: eye
Daphnia (Water Flea) has an ___________ for locomotion.: antenna
Daphnia (Water Flea) has a __________.: shell
Amphipods (Small Crustaceans) are the most ___________.: widespread crustaceans
Amphipods move using ______ _________.: • back legs • tail
Amphipods are AKA "__________".: sand fleas
Animal cells have smaller or no ___________.: vacuole
Plant cells have a ____ _____.: huge vacuole
Animal cells have __ cell wall.: no
Plant cells have a __ cell wall.: rigid
Animal cells have __ chloroplasts.: no
Plant cells have _____ for _______.: chloroplasts for photosynthesis
Animal cells have _____ for flagella or cilia.: centrioles
Plant cells have no ______.: flagella
Organelles are _________ of a cell.: internal structures
Organelles carry out _________.: specialized metabolic tasks
Organelles include ______ & _______ organelles.: • membranous • nonmembranous
The nucleus is the _________.: largest organelle
The nuclear envelope is a __________.: double membrane around nucleus
The nucleoplasm is the ____________.: material in nucleus
Rough ER synthesizes ________.: proteins
Smooth ER synthesizes ______ & ______.: • lipids • steroids
Smooth ER lacks ______________.: ribosomes
Ribosomes are made of __________.: protein
Ribosomes consist of small granules of ________ and ______.: • protein • RNA
Ribosomes "read" coded genetic messages also known as ___________ ________.: messenger RNA
Ribosomes assemble ____________ into proteins.: amino acids
Golgi Complex synthesizes ________________.: carbohydrates
Golgi Complex puts finishing touches on _________________.: protein synthesis
Lysosomes perform _____________ of cellular materials + waste not originating from the cell.: digestion
Peroxisomes resemble ___________.: lysosomes
Peroxisomes prevent __________.: toxins
Peroxisomes digest/oxidize ____________.: fatty acids
Peroxisomes have reactions that produce __________.: hydrogen peroxide
Peroxisomes help prevent ___________.: kidney stones
What is characteristic #2 of living things?: Acquire Materials
Centrioles look like a ____________ assembly.: cylindrical
Centrioles are arranged in 9 groups of __.: 3
Centrioles form the _________ of cilia + flagella.: basal bodies
The cytoskeleton determines ___________.: cell shape
The cytoskeleton supports __.: structure
The cytoskeleton organizes __________.: cell contents
The cytoskeleton directs movement of ___________ within cell.: materials within cell
The cytoskeleton contributes to __________ as a whole.: movements
The cytoskeleton is composed of:: • microfilaments • intermediate fibers • microtubules
Microfilaments of Cytoskeleton are made of __________.: actin protein
Microfilaments of Cytoskeleton form _________.: terminal web
Intermediate fibers are found within ____________.: skin cells
Intermediate fibers are made of ________.: protein
Intermediate fibers consist of ____________.: keratin
Intermediate fibers function to ______________.: give cell shape
Microtubules consist of ______________ made of protein tublin.: protofilaments
Microtubules radiate from __________.: centrosome
Microtubules can _____ + ______.: come & go
Microtubules maintain ____________.: cell shape
Microtubules hold ____________.: organelles
Microtubules act like cell _________.: railroads
Microtubules form the _____ ______.: mitotic spindle
The cell membrane has a _______ quality.: bipolar
The Fluid Mosaic Model has _____ components.: 3
What are the 3 components of the Fluid Mosaic Model?: 1. Phospholipid Bilayer 2. Protein Molecules 3. Cholesterol
The Fluid Mosaic Model explains that float around like icebergs in a sea of (__).: proteins, fat (lipids)
The two main types of membrane proteins are:: • Integral Proteins • Peripheral Proteins
Integral Proteins are located _________, through the membrane.: inside
Peripheral Proteins are located on the ______________.: surface inside the cell
Cholesterol acts like ________.: glue
Cholesterol gives the membrane its _________.: shape
The ______________ controls what goes in/out of cells.: phospholipid membrane
Proteins have __ main jobs in the membrane.: 3
What are the 3 main jobs of proteins in the membrane?: • enzymes to speed up chemical reactions • receptors; catch incoming signals • transporting things in/out of cell
The cell membrane will act as a barrier to: • Polar Molecules/Ions • particles • Large molecules
Polar Molecules/Ions are ____________.: Charged Particles
What is characteristic #3 of living things?: Respond to Stimuli
Polar Molecules/Ions (Charged Particles) will interact with the ______________.: polar phosphate head
Polar Molecules/Ions (Charged Particles) cannot cross the ____________.: non-polar lipid tail
For large molecules and particles, __ limits movement post the membrane.: size
Channel Proteins are _________.: tubular
Channel Proteins allow _______- of molecules through membrane.: passage
Carrier Proteins combine with ____________ to be transported.: substance
Carrier Proteins assist __________ of molecules through membrane.: passage
Cell Recognition Proteins provide _____________ for cells.: unique chemical ID
Cell Recognition Proteins help body recognize __________.: foreign substances
Receptor Proteins bind with __________.: messenger molecule
Receptor Proteins cause cell to respond to __________.: message
Enzymatic Proteins carry out ____________ directly.: metabolic reactions
Passive Transport requires requirement.: no ATP
In passive transport, molecules follow the _____________.: concentration gradient
Passive transport includes:: • diffusion • osmosis • facilitated diffusion
Active Transport requires a ___________.: carrier protein
Active Transport requires energy in the form of __________.: ATP
Molecules enter + exit the cell by one of __ processes.: 4
Diffusion/osmosis is a ___________ process.: • spontaneous chemical • physical
In diffusion/osmosis, molecules move from _____: hi ” lo ” ____ conc.
Facilitated diffusion is a ________ process.: biological
in facilitated diffusion molecules use a __________ to move.: protein carrier
in Facilitated diffusion, molecules move from _____: hi ’ lo ’ ______.
Active transport is a _________ process.: NONspontaneous biological
in active transport molecules use a __________ to move.: protein carrier
in active transport, molecules move from ___ ’ ____.: lo ’ hi
Simple Diffusion:: • Passive • No energy • Channel • hi ’ lo (with) • No water
Osmosis:: • Channel • Passive • No energy • hi ’ lo (with) • Yes water
Facilitated Diffusion:: • No energy • Passive • No water • Carrier • hi ’ lo (with)
Active Transport:: • Active • lo ’ hi (against) • No water • Carrier • Yes energy
Diffusion is when molecules move from to .: high concentration ’ low concentration
Osmosis is when water molecules move through a ________.: membrane
in osmosis, water molecules move from ____ ’ ____.: hi ’ lo
Osmotic pressure is the pressure that develops due to ___________.: osmosis
Isotonic solution has ___________.: no osmosis
Hypotonic solution means water moves __________.: into cell
What is characteristic #4 of living things?: Reproduce + Develop
Hypertonic solution means water moves __________.: out of cell
There are __ main types of transmembrane proteins.: 2
Channel proteins allow __________ molecules to pass freely through.: large/polar
Carrier proteins selectively interact with ________ or _____ so that it may cross the plasma membrane.: molecules, ions