Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2
71 flashcards
- Matter
- Anything that has mass and occupies space
- Kinetic Energy
- Energy in action
- Potential Energy
- Stored energy
- Chemical Energy
- Stored in bonds of chemical substances
- Element
- Matter is composed of elements, cannot be broken into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods
- Atom
- Unique building blocks for each element
- Proton
- Positive charge, found in nucleus
- Neutron
- No charge, found in nucleus
- Electron
- Negative charge, Orbit nucleus in an electron cloud
- Nucleus
- Almost entire mass of the atom composed of Neutrons and Protons
- Ion
- Atom with net electric charge due to loss or gain of one or more electron
- Atomic Symbol
- One or two letter chemical shorthand for each element
- Isotope
- Structural variations of atoms, differ in number of neutrons they contain
- Molecule
- 2 or more atoms bonded together; all compounds are molecules
- Mixture
- Two or more components physically intermixed
- Solution
- Homogeneous (same) Mixtures
- Solvent
- The dissolver
- Solute
- What's dissolved
- Suspension
- Heterogenous mixtures; large, visible solutes settle out e.g. blood
- Chemical Bond
- Energy relationships between electrons of atoms; electrons in valence shells -has most potential energy -chemically reactive electrons Octet rule
- Valence Shell
- Outermost electron shell
- Ionic Bond
- Transfer of valence shell electrons from one atom to another forms ions
- Polar Covalent Bond
- Unequal sharing of electrons produces polar molecules such as H2O H-:O, C-:O, H-:N
- Nonpolar Covalent Bond
- Electrons shared equally such as CO2 H-H, C-H, O-N
- Hydrogen Bond
- Attractive force between electropositive hydrogen of one molecule and an electronegative atom of another molecule
- Electronegativity
- Tendenancy for atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons
- Molecular Formula
- Subscript indicates atoms joined by bonds, prefix denotes number of unjoined atoms or molecules
- Synthesis Reaction
- Combine to form larger, more complex anabolic A+B -> AB
- Anabolic
- Synthesis
- Catabolic
- Decomposition
- Decomposition Reaction
- Molecule is broken down into smaller molecules or its constituent atoms AB -> A+B
- Exchange Reaction
- Displacement reactions; synthesis and decomposition; bonds made and broke AB+C -> AC+B
- Rate of Chemical Reaction
- Affected by temperature, concentration of reactant, particle size
- Water Properties
- High heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, polar solvent properties, reactivity, cushioning
- Electrolytes
- Ions
- Acids
- Proton donors, release H+ 0-6 on pH scale
- Base
- Remove protons, take up H+ 8-14 on pH scale
- Buffer
- Acidity reflects only free H+ Help maintain pH stability
- pH
- Rates the acidity and basicity of things
- Inorganic
- Do not contain carbon
- Organic
- Contain carbon
- Monomer
- Building blocks
- Polymer
- Chains of similar units called monomers
- Carbohydrate
- Sugars and Starches; Polymers; Major source of cellular fule
- Monosaccharide
- One sugar
- Disaccharide
- Two sugars
- Polysaccharide
- Many sugars
- Lipid
- Insoluble in water
- Triglycerides
- Neutral fats; energy storage; composed of three fatty acids bonded to glycerol molecule
- Phospholipids
- Modified triglycerides Glycerol + two fatty acids and A phosphorus (P)- containing group
- Steroids
- Interlocking four ring structure e.g. cholesterol, vitamin D, steroid hormones, and bile salts
- Saturated Fatty Acid
- Single covalent bonds between C atoms; solid animal fats e.g. butter
- Unsaturated Fatty Acid
- One or more double bonds between C atoms; Plant oils e.g. olive oil
- Cholesterol
- Important steroid
- Protein
- Polymers; amino acids are the monomers in the proteins
- Amino Acid
- Joined by peptide bonds, contain amine group and acid group, can act as either acid or base
- Peptide Bond
- Covalent bonds
- Protein Structure
- Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary
- Primary
- Order of amino acids
- Secondary
- Repetitivie shape; a-helix and b-sheet
- Tertiary
- Secondary structures combined into 3D; protein
- Quaternary
- Two or more tertiary polypeptide chains
- Denaturation
- Globular proteins unfold and lose functional, 3-D shape
- Enzyme
- Globular proteins that act as biological catalysts
- Substrate
- Substance or layer that underlies something
- Nucleic Acids
- DNA and RNA; Polymers; composed of nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group
- Nucleotides
- Monomer
- DNA
- Deoxyribose Acid, Double Helix, contain Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine
- RNA
- Ribonucleic Acid, single stranded molecule, contains Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil
- Parts of Nucleotides
- 1. Five carbon ribose sugar 2. Phosphate molecule 3. One of four nitrogenous bases
- Formula for Chemical Bonds
- N=O>C=H = Polar, > Non Polar