CRIT THINK & LOGIC RECAP - Chapter 1 all
38 flashcards
- Conclusion indicator examples
- therefore, accordingly, entails that,wherefore, hence, thus it must be that, it follows that, consequently, for this reason, implies that,we may infer, so, as a result.....
- Premise indicator examples
- since, as, indicated by, because, for, in that,may be inferred from, as, given that, seeing that, for the reason that, owing to....
- To be an argument:
- 1. At least one of the statements must claim to present evidence or reasons. 2. There must be a claim that the alleged evidence supports or implies something—that is, a claim that something follows from the alleged evidence or reasons.
- When testing an argument, try inserting the word "------" before what you think is the conclusion to test if it is, in fact an argument
- therefore
- Common types of non-arguments:
- warnings, advice, reports, expository passages, illustrations,
- When identifying non-arguments, look for:
- evidence that is intended to prove something
- Loosely associated statements may be about the same subject, but lack
- a claim that one of them is proved by others
- Expository passages
- begins with a topic sentence followed by one or more sentences that develop the topic sentence. If the objective is not to prove the topic sentence but only to expand it or elaborate it, then there is no argument.
- In expository passages (which sometimes can be arguments), look if the preceding statements are attempting to ----- the topic, rather than explain it and show how.
- prove
- Essentially, for non-arguments, look if the passage is attempting to -------- rather than ------.
- prove something is true, just explain something.
- Explanations attempt to show --- something is the case, whereas arguments attempt to ------ something is the case.
- why, prove
- Conditional statements are --.....----.... statements
- if... then...
- Antecedent
- After the if, before the then.
- Consequent
- After the then.
- If ------, then ------ Determine which is the consequent and which is the antecendent
- Antecedent, consequent
- -------- if ----------
- Consequent, antecendent
- Is a conditional statement an argument?
- No, but may be used in arguments
- A conditional statement may serve as either the -------- or the --------- (or both) of an argument.
- premise, conclusion
- Sufficient
- A is all that is needed for the occurrence of B
- Necessary
- B allows for A to occur (and is needed for A) but does not guarantee it.
- A --------- condition for dying is being decapitated. If a person is decapitated, then that person has been killed.
- Sufficient
- A --------- condition for being President of the USA, is being a US citizen If one is a president of the US, then one is a US citizen.
- Necessary
- Deductive Argument
- If premises are true, conclusion MUST be true.
- Inductive Argument
- If premises are true, conclusion is likely to be true.
- A deductive argument is evaluated by ------- and ---------.
- Validity, soundness.
- A inductive argument is evaluated by ------- and ---------.
- Strength, cogency
- Validity
- if the premises are true, the conclusion MUST be true
- Soundness
- Valid + true premises
- Strength
- If the premises are true, it is likely that the conclusion is true.
- Cogency
- Strong + all true premises
- Common deductive argument types:
- math, argument from definition, most syllogisms
- Categorical syllogism
- A syllogism that begins with "all", "some", or "no"
- Hypothetical syllogism
- A syllogism that has a conditional statement as one or both of it's premises
- Disjunctive syllogism
- A syllogism with an "either"...."or" statement
- Common inductive argument forms:
- predictions, argument from analogy, generalizations, argument from authority, argument based on signs, casual inference
- How do you test if an argument form is invalid?
- substitute true premises and a false conclusion
- What are the most common words used for substitution to test invalidity?
- cats, dogs, mammals, animals, fish
- omg i'm done
- thank god