Resp
66 flashcards
- Respiratory system
- structures used to acquire O₂ and remove CO₂ from the blood.
- Respiration
- exchange of gases.
- Ventilation (breathing)
- movement of air in and out of the lungs. Inhalation = inspiration; exhalation = expiration.
- Cellular (Internal) Respiration Stages
- (1) Glycolysis, (2) Krebs cycle, (3) Electron transport chain.
- Hemoglobin + Oxygen
- Oxyhemoglobin
- Hemoglobin + CO₂
- Carbaminohemoglobin
- CO₂ + H₂O
- H₂CO₃ (carbonic acid)
- Normal blood pH
- 7.35 to 7.45.
- Functions of respiratory system
- Ventilation (breathing), External respiration, Gas transport, Internal respiration, Regulation of blood pH, Production of chemical mediators, Voice production, Olfaction, Protection
- Ventilation (breathing)
- Movement of air into and out of the lungs.
- External respiration
- Exchange of O₂ and CO₂ between the lungs and the blood.
- Gas transport
- O₂ and CO₂ travel in the blood to and from cells.
- Internal respiration
- Exchange of O₂ and CO₂ between the blood and cells / tissues.
- Regulation of blood pH
- By changing blood CO₂ levels.
- Production of chemical mediators
- ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) = regulates blood pressure.
- Voice production
- Air moving past the vocal cords makes speech possible.
- Olfaction
- Sense of smell.
- Protection
- Protects against microbes by preventing their entry into the body and removes them from respiratory surfaces.
- Spleen
- Splenic macrophages
- Liver
- Kupffer cells
- Nervous system
- Microglial cells
- 3 macrophages
- Splenic Macrophages, kupffer cells, microglial cells
- components of respiratory system
- External nose, Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs
- External nose
- Encloses the chamber for inspired air.
- Nasal cavity
- A cleaning, warming, and humidifying chamber for incoming air.
- Pharynx
- Throat; passageway.
- Larynx
- Voice box.
- Trachea
- Windpipe.
- Bronchi
- Tubes that direct air into the lungs.
- Lungs
- Site of gas exchange. Contain a labyrinth of air tubes ending in a complex of air sacs called alveoli.
- 1. Conducting zone
- Air tubes used for ventilation (structures 1 to 6).
- 2. Respiratory zone
- Site for gas exchange (bronchi, lungs).
- Upper Respiratory tract
- Nose, pharynx, larynx
- 3 parts of urt nose
- External nose, Nasal cavity, Paranasal sinuses
- 1. External nose
- Composed mainly of hyaline cartilage.
- 2. Nasal cavity
- Extends from the nares (nostrils) to the choana. Floor: hard palate. The nasal septum divides it in half.
- 3. Paranasal sinuses
- Function: resonating chambers, Air-filled spaces within the bone.,Open into the nasal cavity., Lined with mucus.
- Functions of the Nasal Cavity
- Passageway, filter, humidifier, olfaction, phonation
- Passageway
- for air.
- Filter
- traps large particles through the nasal hairs.
- Humidifier and warmer
- moisture is added to the air as it passes through the nasal cavity.
- Olfaction (sense of smell)
- olfactory receptors are located at the superior part of the nasal cavity.
- Phonation
- the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses act as resonating chambers for speech.
- 1. Nasopharynx
- Near the nasal cavity Takes in air only. Extends from the choana to the uvula. Uvula ("little grape") = extension of the soft palate.
- 2. Oropharynx
- Near the oral cavity Takes in air, food, and drinks. Extends from the uvula to the epiglottis.
- 3. Laryngopharynx
- Near the larynx Takes in air, food, and drinks. Extends from the epiglottis to the esophagus; air goes on to the larynx, food and drinks go to the esophagus.
- Larynx (Voice Box)
- Located anterior to the trachea.
- Larynx structures
- thyroid cartilage, epiglottis, vestibular folds, vocal cords
- 1. Thyroid cartilage
- Largest piece of cartilage. Forms the Adam's apple.
- 2. Epiglottis
- Flap of cartilage that prevents food and foreign materials from entering the larynx.
- 3. Vestibular folds
- False vocal cords.
- 4. Vocal cords / folds
- Source of voice. Air passing through makes them vibrate and sound is produced. Force of air = loudness; tension = pitch.
- tracheobronchial tree structures
- Primary (main) bronchi, Secondary (lobar) bronchi, Tertiary (segmental) bronchi, Bronchioles, Terminal bronchioles, Respiratory bronchioles, Alveolar ducts, Alveoli
- Conducting zones of tracheobronchial structures
- Primary (main) bronchi, Secondary (lobar) bronchi, Tertiary (segmental) bronchi, Bronchioles, Terminal bronchioles
- Respiratory zones of tracheobronchial structures
- Respiratory bronchioles, Alveolar ducts, Alveoli
- Apex
- Extends above the clavicle.
- Base
- Rests on the diaphragm.
- Lobes
- Right lung: 3 lobes. Left lung: 2 lobes.
- Hilum
- Where blood vessels meet the lungs.
- Pleura
- Double-layered membrane that protects the lungs.
- Parietal pleura
- Lines the thoracic cavity.
- Visceral pleura
- Covers the lungs.
- Pleural cavity / space
- Space between the two layers, with a little fluid.
- Inspiration
- Increases volume of thoracic cavity, Muscles: Pectoralis minor (forced), Scalene muscles (forced), Diaphragm, External intercostals,
- Expiration
- Decreases volume of thoracic cavity, Muscles: Internal intercostals, Transversus thoracis, Abdominal muscles
- Trachea (Windpipe)
- Lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, Made of 16 to 20 C-shaped rings (tracheal rings).