CSN Biology 223 Exam 2

229 flashcards

osteology: the study of bone structure and treatment of bone disorders
hematopoises/hemopoiesis: Blood cell production is also known as?
Support storage of minerals, blood cell production, protection, leverage: what are the 5 primary functions of the skeletal system?
bones of the skeleton, cartilage, ligaments, and connective tissue: what makes up the skeletal system?
calcium: what mineral does the skeletal system store?
humerus: an example of a long bone?
sternum: an example of a flat bone
vertebra: an example of an irregular bone
talus: an example of a short bone?
diaphysis: what is the shaft of a long bone called
compact bone: a heavy wall that surrounds the long bone
medullary cavity: a central space of the long bone
epiphysis: the wide part at each end of a long bone
cancellous or trabecular bone: another name for spongy bone
cortical bone or cortex: when spongy bone is covered with compact bone it is called?
diaphysis: what part of the long bone contains yellow bone marrow?
yellow bone marrow: on the diaphysis what kind of marrow can you find?
red bone marrow: on the epiphysis what kind of marrow can you find?
epiphysis: what part of the long bone may contain red bone marrow?
diploe: Within the cranium, the layer of spongy bone between the compact bone is called?
bone tissue: osseous tissue is also called?
osseous tissue: a type of supportive connective tissue that contains specialized cells, a ground substance plus extracellular protein fibers which form the matrix of bone tissue?
bony matrix: another name for matrix of bone
osteiod: organic matrix is also called?
collagen fibers, bone cells: what is the organic matrix consists of?
inorganic matrix: gives rigidity to bone and provides compression strength
calcium salts: what is the inorganic matrix consists of?
calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate: name the 3 calcium salts in the inorganic matrix
hydroxyapatite: calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide make up what together
sodium, magnesium, fluoride: name the 3 minerals in inorganic matrix
curl up: if the bone only has organic matrix the bone will do what
break: if the bone only inorganic matrix the bone will do what
osteocytes: mature bone cells are called
osteocytes: this cell accounts for most of the bone cell population
osteocytes: this cell is confined within a lacuna
collagen: oscteocytes produce what kind of fiber?
osteocytes: Function of this cell is to maintain and monitor protein and mineral content of surrounding matrix
osteocyte: function of this cell is to participate in the repair of damaged bone
osteoblasts: this cell produces new bone
osteoblasts: this cell does not produce calcium, just stores it
osteogenesis or bone deposition: bone forming cells is a process called?
osteoblasts: this cell make and release proteins and other organic components of the organic matrix of bone
osteoblasts: this cell promotes the deposition of calcium salts (calcification) in the organic matrix
mineralization: addition of calcium and other minerals to bone
osteoprogenitor: arise from mesenchymal cells
osteoprogenitor: stem cells
osteoprogenitor: maintain populations of osteoblast
osteoprogenitor: important in the repair of fractures and bone remodeling
osteoprogenitor: is its found in the inner, cellular layer of the periosteum (osteogenic layer), endosteum
osteoclasts: Bone-destroying cells
osteolysis: bone destruction/absorbing cells is a process called
osteoclasts: giant cells with 50 or more nuclei
osteoclasts: derived from stem cells that produce microphages
osteoclasts: secrete acids and digestive enzymes that dissolve the bony matrix and releases the stored minerals into blood
osteoclasts: what kind of cells do you need to maintain healthy bones
osteoprogenitor cell: what cell develops into an osteoblast
osteoblast: forms bone extracellular matrix
osteocytes: maintains bone tissue
oscteoclast: functions in resorption, the breakdown of bone extracellular matrix
osteoclast: which cell has a ruffled border
osteocytes: which cell has tentacle like hands
compact bone: where can you find an osteon
concentric lamellae: osteocytes are arranged in what kind of lamellae?
perforating canals: Perpendicular to the central canal Carry blood vessels into bone and marrow
Volkmann's canals: another name for perforating canals
concentric lamellae: layers of calcified matrix that contains a central canal
outer circumferential lamellae: lamellae wrapped around the long bone on the outer surface
inner circumferential lamellae: the circumferential lamellae that line the medullary cavity
circumferential lamellae: what lamallae is covered by the periosteum or endosteum
interstitial lamellae: fill in spaces between the osteons in compact bone
spongy bone: which type of bone tissue does not have osteons
trabeculae: the bony matrix forms a meshwork of supporting thin columns called
spongy bone: what type of bone tissue has trabeculae
avascular: trabeculae is vascular or avascular?
red bone marrow: the spaces between trabeculae is filled with what?
vascular: the space between trabeculae is avascular or vascular?
periosteum: external membrane
periosteum: covers all bones except parts enclosed in joint capsules and articular surfaces
periosteum: made up an outer and inner layer
fibrous layer: the periosteum is made up of an outer layer called?
cellular layer (osteogenic layer): periosteum is made up of an inner layer called
perforating fibers (Sharpey's fibers): thick bundles of collagen fibers of the periosteum
endosteum: internal membrane
endosteal cells: a thin membrane composed of single layer is called
endosteum: lines the medullary cavity
endosteum: covers trabeculae of spongy bones
endosteum: lines inner surface of the canals that passes through compact bone
endosteum: participates in bone growth, fracture repair, and bone remodeling
bony skeleton: begins to form about 6 weeks after fertilization
fetal skeleton: completed after 3 months, and is made primarily of cartilage, then ossification and bone growth occurs
ossification: process of replacing tissue with bone
minerilization: process of calcium salt and other minerals deposition on organic matrix
intramembranous ossification: bone forms directly within mesenchyme
intramembranous ossification: simpler type of ossification occurs in the flat bones of the cranium, mandible, and clavicle
endochondral ossification: bone forms within hyaline cartilage
endochondral ossification: process begins in the second month of development
endochondral ossification: occurs in essentially all bones of the skeleton below the base of skull except for the clavicles
ossification center: cluster of osteoblasts found in the early stages of intramembranous ossification
fibroblast: what cells are found in the periosteum
interstitial growth: Chondrocytes undergoes division within a lacuna surrounded by cartilage matrix
interstitial growth: as daughter cells secrete additional matrix, they move apart, expanding the cartilage from within
appositional growth: cells in the cellular layer of the perichondrium differntiate into chondroblasts
intertitial growth: increase in length of bones longitudinal or vertical growth
interstitial growth: growth occurs at the epiphyseal growth plate of long bones
zone of resting cartilage: non dividing chondrocytes
zone of proliferating cartilage: chondrocytes actively divide and produce new cartilage
zone of hypertrophic cartilage: chondrocytes cie and leave an open space to be filled in with osteoblast
zone of calcified cartilage: osteoblast begin the process of osteogenesis
apposition growth: increase in the diameter and thickness of bone
osteolysis or bone resorption: removal of minerals and collagen fibers by osteoclasts
osteogenesis or bone deposition: addition of minerals and collagen fibers by osteoblasts
T: T or F: bone depostion and bone resorption must balance?
T: T or F: Exercise, particularly weight-bearing exercise, stimulates osteoblasts to build bone?
bone tissue: 99% of calcium is stored where?
nerve impulse transmission: calcium facilitates electrical impulse transmission from one nerve cell to another cell by allowing the release of neurotransmitters
muscle contractions: the flow nerve impulse along the surface of the muscle cell causes the release of calcium ions into the cytoplasm of the cell
blood clotting: when an injury occurs, the damaged tissue releases specific factors that activate the circulating clotting factors and platelets
homeostasis: calcitonin and parathyroid hormones are maintained for what?
calcitonin: produced by thyroid gland, decreases calcium ion levels
fracture: a crack or break in bone
fracture hematoma: a mass of clotted blood is called
fracture hematoma: after a fracture, blood escapes from ruptured blood vessel and forms a?
bony callus: osteoblasts produce trabeculae of spongy bone and convert the fibrocartilaginous callus to bone calls joining the broken bones together
fibrocartilaginous callus: tissue repair begins, a fibrocartilaginous callus fills the space between the ends of the broken bone for about 3 weeks
zone of resting cartilage: what is D
zone of proliferating cartilage: what is C?
zone of hypertrophic cartilage: what is B?
zone of calcified cartilage: what is A?
8mg/dl - 11mg/dl: what is the normal range of blood calcium
hypocalcemia: an abnormally low level of calcium in the blood
hypercalcemia: an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood
calcitonin: decreases calcium ion levels by increase calcium excretion at kidneys
calcitonin: active form of vitamin D
thyroid gland: Parathyroid hormone is produced by what?
parathyroid hormone: increases blood calcium levels
remodeling: osteoblasts build new compact bone reforming the bone collar
remodeling: osteoclasts absorb the spongy bone creating a new medullary cavity
open compound fracture: the broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin
comminuted fracture: the bone is splintered, crushed, or broken into pieces at the site of impact, and smaller bone fragments lie between the two main fragments.
greenstick fracture: a partial fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends
impacted fracture: one end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other
pott fracture: fracture of the distal end of the lateral leg bone, with serious injury of the distal tibial articulation
Colles fracture: fracture of the distal end of the lateral forearm bone (radius) in which the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly
growth hormones: stimulates osteoblast activity and the synthesis of bone matrix
thyroxine: with growth hormone, stimulates osteoblast activity and the synthesis of bone matrix
human growth hormone: secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; promotes general growth of all body tissues, including bone, mainly by stimulating production of insulin like growth factors
osteopenia: Bones become thinner and weaker with age called
osteoporosis: reduction of bone mass in sufficient to compromise normal function
bone mineral density: total amount of bone mass in a defined area
dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA): most common technique to determine the BMD
Fibrodisplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP): rare genetic disorder; muscle tissue replaced by bone
gigantism: overproduction of growth homormones before closure of epiphyseal plate
acromegaly: overproduction of growth hormones after closure of epiphyseal plate; bones get thicker, especially in the face, jaw, and hands
Paget's disease: chronic disorder that can result in enlarged bones due to abnormal bone destruction and regrowth
achondroplasia: genetic disorder of bone growth; cartilage being abnormally converted to bone
Osteogeneis Imperfecta: characterized by extreme fragility of the bones; also called brittle bone disease
osteosarcoma: a type of cancer that starts in bone
rickets: Vitamin D deficiency in children
osteomalacia: failure to osteoid to calcify in adults
osteomyelitis: infection of the bone
nondisplaced fracture: retain their normal position
displaced fracture: bone ends are out of alignment
complete fracture: bone is broken through
incomplete/partial fracture: bone is not broken through
linear fracture: break is parallel to the long axis
transverse fracture: break is perpendicular to the long axis
oblique fracture: break is angular to the long axis
open/compound fracture: broken bone has penetrated skin
closed (simple) fracture: broken bone has not penetrated skin
skull and associated bones: make up the skull and associated bones
sternum and ribs: make up the thoracic cage
vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx: make up the vertebral column
clavicle and scapula: make up the pectoral girdle
os coxae: make up the pelvic girdle
axial skeleton: what forms the longitudinal axis of the body
cranial and facial bones: what are the bones in the skull called
auditory ossicles and hyoid bone: what makes up the associated bones
lambdoidal suture: separates the occipital bone from the two parietal bones
coronal suture: attaches frontal bone to parietal bones
sagittal suture: between parietal bones
squamousal suture: form boundaries between temporal bones and parietal bones
vertebral column: protects the spinal cord and provides a column of support, bears and transfers the weight of the head, neck and trunk to the appendicular skeleton
c1-c7: cervical vertebrae regions
T1-T12: thoracic vertebrae regions
L1-L5: lumbar vertebrae regions
S1-S5: sacral vertebrae regions
c01-c03/05: coccyx regions
thoracic and sacral curves: What are the primary curves?
accommodation curves: another word for primary curves
primary curves: the spinal curves that are present at birth are called
cervical and lumbar curves: what are the secondary curves?
compensation curves: another word for secondary curves
secondary curves: the spinal curves that are present after birth
kyphosis: humback, bent or slouching posture
kyphosis: thoracic curvature is exaggerated posteriorly
lordosis: swayback
lordosis: lumbar curvature is exaggerated anteriorly
scoliosis: crookedness of the skin is called
scoliosis: abnormal lateral curvature of the spine in one or more of the vertebrae
spina bifida: a condition resulting from the failure of the vertebral laminae to unite during development
spina bifida: commonly associated with developmental abnormalities of the brain and spinal cord
herniated disc: intervertebral disc; fibrocartilaginous pad that slips out of place or ruptures
true ribs: vertebrosternal ribs are knows as what?
false ribs: 8-12 ribs are known as
true ribs: 1-7 ribs are known as
vertebrochondral ribs: ribs 8-10 are called
floating ribs: ribs 11-12 are called
sternum: the manubrium, body and xiphoid process make up what
pectoral and pelvic: what are the supportive girdles called
ulna and radius: the antebrachium consists of what bones
humerus: the brachium consists of what bone
pollex: name for the thumb
os coxae: ilium, ischium, and pubis make up what
true pelvis: encloses the pelvic cavity
pelvic brim: upper edge of true pelvis; encloses pelvic inlet
pelvic outlet: inferior edges of true pelvis
false pelvis: superior to true pelvis
female pelvis: smoother, lighter and wider pelvis is called
femur: what is the heaviest and strongest bone in the body
tibia: bone that is also called the shinbone
fibula: attaches muscles of feet and toes
carpals: wrist bones
tarsals: ankle bones
metacarpals: bones of palm
metatarsals: the bones of the sole of the foot
talus: carries weight from tibia across trochlea
calcaneus: heel bone
longitudinal arch: arch of foot
transverse arch: formed by a difference in curvature between medial and lateral borders of the foot