human anatomy and physiology: chapter 1 pearson
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- Anatomy
- studies the structure of the body
- Physiology
- studies the function of the body parts
- Levels of organization
- atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
- cells
- smallest unit of living things
- tissues
- a group of similar cells that have a common function
- organ
- structure composed of at least 2 tissue types that performs a specific function for the body.
- necessary life functions
- maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, growth, digestion, excretion, reproduction, and metabolism
- integumentary system
- system composed of hair, skin and nails, covers external body and protects deeper tissue
- skeletal system
- system composed of bones and joints, protects and supports, provides bodys frame work for muscles
- muscular system
- system composed of skeletal muscles and allows for movements and manipulation of the environment
- nervous system
- composed of spinal cord, brain and nerves. control system of the body and responds to changes by activating muscles and glands
- endocrine system
- Composed of glands that regulate the processes such as growth and reproduction.
- cardiovascular system
- composed of heart and blood vessels, transports blood which carries oxygen, CO2, nutrients and waste.
- lymphatic system
- composed of red bone marrow, nodes, spleen, vessles and thoracic duct, which disposes debris in the lymphatic stream.
- respiratory system
- composed of nasal cavity, pharynx, larnx, trachea, broncus and lungs, keeps blood supplied with O2 and removes CO2
- digestive system
- Composed of oral cavity, esophogus, liver, stomach, intestines and rectum. breaks down food and absorbs nutrients
- urinary system
- Composed of kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra, rids the body of acid-based wastes.
- reproductive system
- System that functions in producing offspring
- homeostasis
- the ability to maintain an internal balance even when outside world changes. dynamic state of equilibrium
- receptor, control center, effector
- 3 main parts of homeostatic control
- receptor
- sensor that monitors changes and sends information in an afferent path to control center in negative feedback
- control center
- determines the set point in feedback, recieves from receptor and sends info efferently to effector
- effector
- responds to the feed back from the control center, shuts off or enhances stimulus
- negative feed back
- homeostatic control mechanism that shuts off original effect of stimuli or reduces intensity.
- positive feedback mechanism
- homeostatic control mechanism that enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerates
- anatomical position
- body standing errect with palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from the body
- directional terms
- explain where one body structure is in relation to another
- axial parts
- makes up main axis of body including head, neck and trunk
- appendicular parts
- consists of limbs
- regional terms
- terms used in anatomy that refer to certain areas of the body.
- abdominal
- trunk inferior to ribs
- acromial
- point of shoulder
- antebrachial
- forearm
- antecubital
- anterior surface of elbow
- axillary
- armpit
- brachial
- upper arm
- buccal
- cheek
- Carpal
- wrist
- cephalic
- head
- coxal
- hip
- crural
- leg
- digital
- fingers/toes
- femoral
- thigh
- fibular
- side of leg
- frontal
- forehead
- inguinal
- groin area
- mammary
- breast region
- manus
- hand
- pelvic
- pelvis region
- nasal
- nose
- oral
- mouth
- orbital
- eye
- palmar
- palm
- pateller
- anterior knee
- pedal
- foot
- tarsal
- ankle
- metatarsal
- top of foot
- calcaneal
- heal
- dorsal
- back
- gluteal
- butt
- lumbar
- lower back
- occipital
- posterior head
- olecranal
- posterior elbow
- otic
- ear
- popliteal
- posterior knee
- sacral
- area between hips
- sural
- calf
- vertebral
- spine
- scapular
- shoulder blade region
- superior
- toward the head
- inferior
- toward the feet
- anterior
- toawrd front
- posterior
- toward the back
- medial
- toward the middle line
- lateral
- away from the mid line
- intermediate
- between medial and lateral
- proximal
- closer to the trunk
- distal
- further from the trunk
- superficial
- closer to the surface
- deep
- away from the surface
- median or midsagittal plane
- plane dividing body into left and right (median plane)
- frontal plane
- divides body into posterior and anterior (coronal plane)
- transverse (horizontal) plane
- cross section, divdes body into inferior and superior
- dorsal cavity
- protects nervous system organs and contains cranial and vertebral cavity
- thoracic cavity
- cavity containing the heart and lungs
- ventral body cavity
- cavity containing the thoracic and abdomino-pelvic cavities
- umbilical region
- center most region of abdomen
- epigastic region
- superior to umbilical region
- hypogastric region
- inferior to the ubilical region in the abdomen
- right iliac region
- located right to the hypogastic region of abdomen
- right lumbar region
- located right to the umbilical region
- right hypochondriac region
- located right of the epigastric region
- left iliac region
- located left to the hypogastric region of the abdomen
- left lumbar region
- located left to the umbilical region
- left hypochondriac region
- located left to the epigastric region