CRIT THINK AND LOGIC RECAP - CHAPTER 4 ALL
44 flashcards
- A
- All S are P
- E
- No S are P
- I
- Some S are P
- O
- Some S are not P
- Copula:
- Are, are not
- Quantifiers:
- All, no, some
- How many standard form categorical propositions are there?
- 4 (AEIO)
- Quality:
- Either affirmative or negative (All, some = affirmative) (No, some not = negative)
- Quantity:
- Either universal or particular (All, no = universal) (Some, some not = particular)
- A term is distributed if the proposition
- makes an assertion about every member of the class
- A distributes:
- S
- E distributes:
- S & P
- I distributes:
- Neither
- O distributes:
- P
- From the Boolean standpoint, what has existential import?
- I and O
- From the Aristotelian standpoint, what has existential import?
- A, E, I, & O
- Identify the zones for a Venn diagram
- Explain/Draw the 4 Venn diagrams for AEIO (BOOLEAN)
- Explain/Draw the MODERN square of opposition
- Is the modern square of opposition Boolean or Aristotelian?
- Boolean
- Is the traditional square of opposition Boolean or Aristotelian?
- Aristotelian
- How to test for the existential fallacy (Boolean) in an immediate inference.
- Universal---Particular. Diagram both. If the x falls in the unshaded region of the lefthand circle when compared to the first diagram, it commits the EF.
- How to test an immediate inference:
- Diagram both. If both do not match, invalid.
- Conversion
- Switch S & P
- When converting AEIO, which are logically equivalent?
- E, I
- When attempting to convert an A or O proposition, this will always commit....
- the illicit conversion fallacy
- Obversion
- Change the quality, replacing P with it's term compliment
- Term compliment
- B---non-B. Non-B-----B. Essentially, add "non". (Or, if it already exists, take it away)
- When obverting, what is logically equivalent?
- Every proposition.
- Contraposition
- Switch S & P, replace both with term compliment
- When contrapositing, what is logically equivalent?
- A & O
- When contrapositing an E or an I proposition, what is commited?
- the illicit contraposition fallacy
- Contrary
- At least one must be false.
- Subcontrary
- At least one must be true.
- At least one (or possibly both) must be false.
- A & E
- At least one (or possibly both) must be true.
- I & O
- Subalternation
- Truth from A-I and E-O (down), Falsity from I-A and O-E.
- Truth trickles...
- downwards
- Falsity flows...
- upwards
- When incorrectly assuming information from one of the processes on the traditional square of opposition, the ------------------------------- is being commited.
- Illicit -process- fallacy EX: illicit subalternation fallacy, etc.
- When is the existential fallacy committed in the Aristotelian viewpoint?
- when contrary, subcontrary, and subalternation are used (in an otherwise correct way) to draw a conclusion from a premise about things that do not exist.
- Conditionally valid
- When a proposition is correctly evaluated, but it is unclear if the subject term denotes existing things.
- The traditional square of opposition is used to determine -----, not ------.
- Validity, not soundness.
- Explain/Draw the TRADITIONAL square of opposition