HTN CAD N2161 week 2 2026 class1(1)

80 flashcards

Hypertension is defined as blood pressure greater than 140/90 mmHg, or greater than 130/80 mmHg in patients with comorbid conditions such as diabetes mellitus type II.: greater than 140/90 mmHg
Blood pressure represents the pressure exerted against artery walls during heart contraction (systolic) and relaxation (diastolic), expressed as systolic/diastolic in mmHg.: pressure exerted against artery walls
Malignant hypertension represents a hypertensive emergency with blood pressure exceeding 180/120 mmHg.: Malignant
Essential or primary hypertension accounts for more than 90% of hypertension cases and has no identifiable cause.: Essential or primary
Secondary hypertension is caused by an identifiable underlying condition such as Cushing's disease, brain tumors, primary aldosteronism, or medications.: Secondary
Statins are a class of medications commonly used in pharmacotherapy for managing cholesterol levels.: Statins
What cardiac parameters does echocardiography measure?: Cardiac chamber size, valve function, and ejection fraction.
What is the purpose of having a patient keep a diary during Holter monitoring?: To identify correlations between recorded arrhythmias and the patient's activities and symptoms during the 24-hour monitoring period.
Bile acid sequestrants such as cholestyramine are pharmacotherapeutic agents that lower cholesterol levels.: Bile acid sequestrants
Ezetimibe functions as a cholesterol absorption inhibitor in the pharmacotherapeutic management of hyperlipidemia.: Ezetimibe
What is the consequence of partial blockage of coronary arteries on the heart muscle?: Decreased blood flow to heart muscle, resulting in myocardial ischemia
What is the consequence of complete blockage of coronary arteries on the heart muscle?: Prevention of blood flow, resulting in myocardial infarction
Lipid deposition from blood forms plaques on damaged coronary arteries, causing hardening and narrowing of the arterial wall.: plaques
How can coronary artery disease progress to affect overall heart function?: By causing decreased heart function and contractility, potentially leading to heart failure
Non-modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease include family history, being post-menopausal for women, and being older than 55 for men.: family history
In developing countries, what is the leading cause of death in both males and females?: Coronary artery disease
Fats that are solid at room temperature} are classified as bad fats and should be limited in coronary artery disease prevention.: solid at room temperature
What electrocardiographic change indicates myocardial ischemia during a stress test?: ST-segment depression
What does reduced uptake of radioactive tracer on myocardial perfusion imaging indicate?: Myocardial ischemia or reduced blood flow
Malignant hypertension is defined as a hypertensive emergency with blood pressure exceeding 180/120 mmHg.: 180/120 mmHg
Moderate aerobic exercise should be performed for 30-60 minutes per session, 4-7 days per week in addition to activities of daily living, with an average target of 150 minutes per week.: 30-60 minutes
What effect does a loss of ten pounds of body weight have on blood pressure?: Produces a significant decrease in blood pressure
Which electrolyte deficits are common causes of cardiac arrhythmias?: Phosphate and magnesium deficits
Orthostatic hypertension or hypotension refers to blood pressure changes that occur in response to changes in body position.: Orthostatic hypertension or hypotension
The healthy body mass index range is 18.5-24.5 kg/m².: 18.5-24.5 kg/m²
Healthy alcohol consumption limits are less than 2 drinks per day for men, with a maximum of 14 drinks per week for males and 9 drinks per week for females.: 2 drinks per day
A modifiable risk factor for coronary artery disease that involves elevated blood levels of a lipoprotein is high LDL cholesterol.: high LDL cholesterol
What is orthostatic hypotension as a side effect of coronary artery disease medications?: A drop in blood pressure upon position change (standing up from lying or sitting)
Why may dietary potassium adjustment be necessary during coronary artery disease medication management?: ACE inhibitors and potassium-sparing diuretics can raise potassium levels
Blood pressure equals the product of cardiac output and total peripheral vascular resistance.: total peripheral vascular resistance
Normal serum potassium range is 3.5-5.0 mmol/L.: 3.5-5.0 mmol/L
Dietary sodium intake should be limited to less than 2 grams per day.: 2 grams per day
The normal serum sodium range is 135-145 mmol/L.: 135-145 mmol/L
Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing aldosterone antagonist diuretic that reduces blood pressure and provides cardiac protection in hypertension.: Spironolactone
What does a blood pressure reading of 162/104 mmHg indicate about this patient's hypertension management?: Inadequate blood pressure control despite existing antihypertensive drug therapy.
Atorvastatin is an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor that lowers LDL cholesterol and reduces cardiovascular risk in patients with hyperlipidemia.: Atorvastatin
Which two cardiovascular risk factors—one longstanding and one metabolic—are present in this patient?: Primary hypertension (10 years duration) and hyperlipidemia
A body mass index of approximately 35 kg/m² (weight 90 kg, height 160 cm) indicates obesity, which is a modifiable cardiovascular risk factor.: obesity
Holter monitoring is a 24-hour electrocardiogram in which the patient maintains a diary of activities and symptoms to correlate with ECG findings and detect arrhythmias.: Holter monitoring
Echocardiography is an ultrasound imaging modality used to measure cardiac chamber sizes, valve function, and ejection fraction.: Echocardiography
Metoprolol is a beta-blocker that reduces blood pressure by decreasing heart rate and cardiac contractility.: Metoprolol
What is malignant hypertension?: A severe form of elevated blood pressure requiring urgent medical intervention, characterized by extremely high readings and potential for rapid end-organ damage
What is orthostatic hypotension?: A temporary drop in blood pressure upon standing from a lying or sitting position, potentially causing dizziness or syncope
What does proteinuria detected on urinalysis indicate in a hypertensive patient?: Kidney damage from hypertension, since healthy kidneys do not allow significant protein loss into urine
What does left ventricular hypertrophy on ECG indicate about hypertension's effects on the heart?: Target-organ damage caused by sustained hypertension forcing the left ventricle to thicken as it works against increased resistance
Serum creatinine elevation above normal range reflects reduced glomerular filtration rate and declining kidney function, a sign of hypertensive kidney disease.: reduced glomerular filtration rate
How does a family history of early stroke in one parent and diabetes in another parent affect hypertension risk?: It substantially increases genetic predisposition to hypertension and cardiovascular complications
What is obesity's role as a risk factor for hypertension?: It is an independent risk factor that increases workload on the cardiovascular system and promotes insulin resistance
How does heavy weekend alcohol consumption contribute to hypertension?: Through multiple mechanisms including increased sympathetic nervous system activity and sodium retention
Why must lifestyle modifications be discussed alongside pharmacological therapy in hypertension management?: Because they are a critical component of comprehensive hypertension management
Malignant hypertension is a severe form of hypertension characterized by very high blood pressure with acute end-organ damage and represents a medical emergency.: Malignant hypertension
Orthostatic hypotension is a sudden drop in blood pressure upon changing position from lying or sitting to standing, resulting in dizziness or fainting.: Orthostatic hypotension
How do ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers differ in their mechanisms of action?: ACE inhibitors block the formation of angiotensin II, while ARBs directly block angiotensin II receptors
How do occupational and psychological stress contribute to hypertension management?: They significantly elevate blood pressure and must be addressed through stress management strategies and lifestyle interventions in comprehensive treatment
Normal serum creatinine range in adults is 60-110 mmol/L.: 60-110 mmol/L
Smoking is a modifiable risk factor for hypertension that damages blood vessel endothelium.: a modifiable risk factor
How should a nurse respond when a patient is not taking prescribed medications as directed?: With non-judgmental assessment and problem-solving to identify barriers to adherence, rather than punishment or disapproval.
When should antihypertensive medications be taken to maintain consistent therapeutic blood pressure control?: At the same time each day as prescribed, not delayed until after meals or at patient discretion.
A typical antihypertensive regimen combining losartan 80mg daily, amlodipine 10mg daily, and hydrochlorothiazide 12.5mg daily is designed to maintain blood pressure below 140/90 mm Hg.: 140/90 mm Hg
Ramipril is an ACE inhibitor that blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.: ACE inhibitor
Atenolol is a beta-1 selective blocker that reduces cardiac output and heart rate.: beta-1 selective blocker
Furosemide is a loop diuretic that increases sodium and water excretion.: loop diuretic
Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic that works through aldosterone antagonism.: aldosterone antagonism
Metoprolol is a beta-blocker that produces therapeutic effects through beta-adrenergic receptor antagonism.: beta-blocker
Atorvastatin is a statin that works by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase.: statin
What is the most critical nursing assessment when a patient begins antihypertensive therapy?: Medication adherence and understanding of the prescribed regimen
Amlodipine lowers blood pressure through vasodilation, which occurs because it blocks calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle.: vasodilation
Losartan is an angiotensin II receptor blocker used to reduce blood pressure.: angiotensin II receptor blocker
Hydrochlorothiazide commonly causes hypokalemia, a significant electrolyte disturbance that requires monitoring.: hypokalemia
A common side effect of losartan, an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, is hyperkalemia: hyperkalemia
A common side effect of amlodipine, a calcium channel blocker, is peripheral edema.: peripheral edema
In a patient with severe hypertension, chest symptoms, anxiety, and hyperventilation, the differential diagnoses to consider include acute hypertensive crisis, acute coronary syndrome, and acute anxiety disorder.: acute coronary syndrome
Amlodipine is a calcium channel blocker that reduces blood pressure by causing vasodilation and decreasing peripheral vascular resistance.: Amlodipine
Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic and aldosterone antagonist that reduces blood pressure by blocking aldosterone.: potassium-sparing diuretic and aldosterone antagonist
The major adverse effect of spironolactone that requires monitoring of serum potassium levels is hyperkalemia.: hyperkalemia
Metoprolol reduces blood pressure and heart rate by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors.: blocking beta-adrenergic receptors
Why is current smoking a significant concern in a patient with established coronary artery disease?: It is a modifiable risk factor that substantially increases cardiovascular morbidity and mortality
A common adverse effect of metoprolol, the beta-blocker, is bradycardia.: bradycardia
In a patient with established coronary artery disease and multiple comorbidities, what is the primary reason for aggressive medical management?: To reduce the risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes
Ezetimibe lowers cholesterol by inhibiting cholesterol absorption in the small intestine.: inhibiting cholesterol absorption