Piaget's Stages of Development
27 flashcards
- What is Cognitive Development?
- Child's child's thought, language, and intelligence.
- Who is Jean Piaget?
- Jean Piaget is the father of cognitive development, he noticed that children around the same age tend to make the same mistakes. Jean Piaget then observed children and he proposed a sequence of development that all normal children follow. He believed there are 4 STAGES of cognitive development.
- Conservation
- A conceptual tool - Ability to recognize that objects can be transformed in some way, visually or physically, yet still be the same in numbers, volumes, weight, liquid, or matter.
- Assimilation
- The way children incorporate (take in) new information with existing schemes to form new cognitive structures. EX: Child calls lion a "doggie" bc the child only knows one type of 4 legged animal
- Accomodation
- With more interaction in the world - child takes existing schemes and adjusts them to fit their experience. EX: Child plays with keys on piano to hear different notes and learns he must turn piano on to play
- Piaget's Cognitive Learning Process
- 1. all thinking begins at balanced mental state of equilibrium 2. child receives new info 3. child adapts new info assimilation/ accommodation 4. new thought (schema) is formed
- What is Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development?
- 1. Sensorimotor- infancy (0- 2 yrs) 2. Preoperational- early childhood (2-7 yrs) 3. Concrete Operation- middle childhood (7-11 yrs) 4. Formal Operation- adolescence (12 yrs- adult)
- Sensorimotor
- Age: 0-2 (Infancy-Toddler) - Egocentric (thinking only one self) - Starting unds symbolic thought - Organizes thoughts by schemas -The time where babies experience the world through their senses and actions. (grabbing, looking, touching, hearing, putting things in their mouth <- mostly) -Successful in object permanence by 18-24 months
- Language during Sensorimotor
- - Speaks first word by 1 year old - First sentence (two words) by 18-24 months
- Preoperational (2-4)
- Age: 2-4 (Early Childhood - Preschool - Kindergarten) - Egocentric (thinking only one self) - Casual reasoning (toddler believes his thoughts could cause actions) - Centration (focus on one thing at a time) - See the world as symbolic images & object - Mastery of symbols (pretending and play)
- Language during Preoperational (2-4)
- - Declarative (tell) language "I am hungry" - Vocabulary about 1,000
- Preoperational (5-7)
- Age: 5-7 (Early Childhood - Preschool - Kindergarten) - No longer egocentric. Understand others can have a different perspective. - Intuitive reasoning (self-thinking) - Representational thought - Can classify by two criteria (shape and color) - Understand conservation except liquid - Can count to 20 using fingers
- Language during Preoperational (5-7)
- - Period of fast mapping (using context to determine the meaning of words) - Rapid advances in conservation (knows about 2,500 words) and vocabulary (knows about 20,000 words) - Many "Why" questions
- Concrete Operations
- Age: 7-11 (Middle Childhood - Elementary) - Classification skill (classify and divide objects in sets) - Fully understand conservation - Solves problems by thinking about multiple perspectives to real (concrete) situation. - Resaon logically (inductive reasoning - figure) instead of intutively - Can perform seriation - Older enough can perform transitive inference (drawing conclusions about two objects, knowing the third object.) -Understand distinction between appearance and reality - Metacognition ability (thinking about thinking)
- Formal Operations
- Age: 12- 18 (Adolescence) - Teen is now capable of abstract reasoning - Capable of hypothetical-deductive reasoning - Education focuses on preparing for college - Higher level of moral reasoning, no longer following external rules imposed by others. - Logical is now applied to what might exist, not just to what is real
- Object permanence
- (sensorimotor) - recognition that objects/ events continue to exist even when not visible - begins when child is 8 mo. EX: in absence of object permanence, infant will not search for object when hidden
- Symbolic thought
- For young children to engage in making up or imagination by acting as if things are real when they are not real. Symbolic thinking is a cognitive stage of development in young preschool age children. EX: An example is children playing in the dirt to make food. The children imagine themselves to be other people or animals also using drawing, writing, singing and talking.
- Animism
- (preoperational: 2-4 yrs) - child's belief that non- living objects have lifelike, imaginary friend EX: Believe that their bunny has feeling and opinions
- Centeration
- (preoperational) Focus on one piece of information at one time and ignoring others. EX: focus on swinging
- Egocentrism
- (preoperational) Cannot tell the difference between their own perspective and feelings, and someone's else. Focus on my own surrounding only. EX: Taking on the phone with his father, "see my new shoes"
- Equilibrium
- - Stable balance toward to successful adaptation. has 3 phrases: 1) Children begin in a state of balance 2) thought changes and conflict emerges and finally, 3) through the process of assimilation and accommodation
- Irreversibility
- (preoperational) Make error in thinking because they cannot understand that an operation moves more in one direction. EX: Emma plays with the clay, she believes that the clay must always be in the same form remain in the same amount. When a classmate plays with the clay and gives it back as long narrow piece. Emma thinks she's getting back less.
- Reversibility
- Opposite of Irreversibility Able to to mentally return to the situation or operation just like beginning
- causal reasoning "causality"
- (preoperational) Cannot think logically about cause and effect -> thoughts can cause actions. It changes over time: 1. by appearance 2. by all-powerful force 3. by causes in nature 4. approaches in adult explanation
- Transductive Reasoning
- (preoperational) Connect specific experience, whatever or not there logical casual reasoning. EX: Bill was mean to his sister. She got sick and he thought he caused his sister sick. (Casual Reasoning)
- Inductive Reasoning
- (concrete) Can figure things out logically but not accurate. EX: ball and football.
- Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning
- (Formal) Form ideas about "what might be" and work out the right solutions.